Infection Control Programme in Intensive Control Unit in Indian Dissertation

Infection Control Programme in Intensive Control Unit in Indian hospital - Dissertation Example 80.95% said that clinical waste is disposed into community dumps directly. The written policy and procedures must be integrated in daily routine by using visual techniques such as posters, pamphlets and medical calendars so that the staff is continually reminded about the infection control practices. Declaration List of Figures Figure 11 - Number and rate of ICU acquired infection by infection type 19 Figure 22 - Hand wash and economic constraints 22 Figure 33 - Proper method of washing hands 24 Figure 4:4: Sample question scoring 43 Figure 5:5: Sample response rate & graphical chart 45 Figure 6: Hand Hygiene - Question 1 51 Figure 7: Hand Hygiene - Question 2 54 Figure 8: Hand Hygiene - Question 3 56 Figure 9: Hand Hygiene - Question 4 60 Figure 10: Hand Hygiene - Question 5 62 Figure 11: Hand Hygiene - Question 6 64 Figure 12: Hand Hygiene - Question 7 66 Figure 13: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 1 70 Figure 14: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 2 73 Figure 15: S terilisation and Disinfection - Question 5.4.3 75 Figure 16: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 4 77 Figure 17: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 5 79 Figure 18: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 6 81 Figure 19: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 7 83 Figure 20: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 8 85 Figure 21: Sterilisation and Disinfection - Question 9 87 Figure 22: Waste Management - Question 1 90 Figure 23: Waste Management - Question 2 92 Figure 24: Waste Management - Question 3 95 Figure 25: Waste Management - Question 4 97 Figure 26: Waste Management - Question 5 99 Figure 27: Waste Management - Question 6 101 Figure 28: Waste Management - Question 7 103 Figure 29: Waste Management - Question 8 105 Figure 30:6: Aggregate Hand... The paper tells that infections acquired by a patient in a healthcare facility, which were neither present nor incubating when the patient entered the hospital are called as nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). Hospitalised patients are more prone to develop such infections due to weak immune system, resulting from complex surgeries, organ transplantation, use of invasive devices and medical procedures, antibiotic resistance and other sources of cross-infection. Development of nosocomial infection is multiplied by the presence of microorganism in the hospital environment, which act as a reservoir from where microorganisms spread to other patients and cause infections. Infection can be acquired not just from other infected patients and healthcare staff but also from getting in contact with contaminated medical instruments and devices. Accumulation of patients suffering from acute illness in a relatively small place such as the intensive care unit (ICU) further increases the potential of nosocomial infection. Patients in an intensive care unit are at an increased risk of acquiring infections as compared to patients in general wards or other areas of the hospital. Bacteria have been the traditional source of nosocomial infection but with increasing use of antibiotics, urinary and central venous catheters, invasive surgeries, chemotherapy, mechanical ventilators, increasing incidence of other infectious microorganisms such as viruses and fungi, have become one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections extends hospital stay and increase both morbidity and mortality.

AP Dashanchurna Essay Example for Free

AP Dashanchurna Essay Operating since 1912, Ayurvedia Pharmacy is one of the oldest operating pharmacies in Bangladesh. Despite its long life, it has failed to make its mark as one of the prominent companies in this country. It has a range of over 100 products but only four of these are prominent. Even among these four, some are faltering and losing ground to new entrants. AP Dashanchurna (white toothpowder) is one of these products. AP Dashanchurna has been around for a very long time, but it gained popularity after the current owners took over the company from the government in the year 1979. It gained the epitome of popularity in the years 1990-95 when this name was a household name. Regretfully, AP Dashanchurna has not been able to hold on to its glory. AP Dashanchurna is now a losing concern. The company has held onto this product simply because it has been one of the flagship brands of the company for a long time. The problem with AP Dashanchurna is that it has failed to capitalize on its long life and fame. In the meantime, products like Magic Toothpowder, Colgate Toothpowder, Shakti Majan etc have gained significant foothold in the market. These companies take a more structured approach to identifying the target market and have significantly better marketing communication. AP Dashanshurna has failed because it has not balanced its marketing communication with the target market and hence lost customers. It also failed to make use of its chief strength, the herbal makeup of the products. AP Dashanchurna is launching a new campaign in an effort to rejuvenate the product. They are bringing changes in the packaging, going for television commercials and newspaper advertisements. They do not undertake any activities to find out consumer insights, and marketing communications are based only on gut feeling of the marketers. A set of recommendations have been proposed for AP Dashanchurna. Our recommended marketing campaign is focused on its relevant target market and its perception in the market. The whole marketing mix has been renovated and a new marketing mix has been suggested for AP Dashanchurna. It is expected that this marketing mix will help redeem the product’s value and perception in its target market.

Perfect, but not too Perfect :: essays research papers fc

PERFECT, BUT NOT TOO PERFECT Once in a village long, long ago, there was a home with a family inside of it. And in that family was a father, a mother, a brother, a sister, and a grandmother. In this village it rained all the time. More than London, or the Amazon or all the rainforests in the world combined. In this village also were a church, a store, a mill, and a monument for the chief: Jades Samoa. This wasn’t a village like in Africa or Cambodia, but a very nice village. The people wore amazing clothing. Better than any fashion brand today. The buildings wore made perfectly with smooth glass, smooth brick, and the smoothest wood. These buildings could withstand anything from a simple hurricane to a giant monsoon. The villagers drank the purest water and the finest wine. They were elegant, graceful, civilized, and always stood straight up. There were fantastic parties thrown every night and the people gathered and talked and laughed bout there lives. There beautiful and perfect lives. All the children were given the finest educations by the most brilliant adults; whom were smarter than Leonardo DaVinci and Albert Einstein would ever fathom to be. The streets were made of pure diamond and the lampposts of ivory. The cars never used any energy and never depreciated. They had plush seating made of soft leather. Every home was built according to the family, but every home was very large and spacious. They contained the finest furniture and the finest robotic staff that never became tired and always completed every demand made by their masters.

Character Orientation

Values In order to make better transformations in life, I believe that change should start from within. I will exercise good values at all times, strive hard to be a better version of myself, will give my best in school, and I will never stop learning and working towards my goals. The little things we do everyday affects our future in big ways so it might as well be good. It's also important that we keep our personal relationship with God strong and intact.And let his blessings and miracles work in our lives. There are things we couldn't avoid in our family like quarrels and disagreements. I am trying to be more patient and I try not to talk when I'm in a bad mood to keep myself from saying cruel things that I don't even mean. Also try to reach out to them after every fight and ignore my pride, and in doing so, I can be at peace with myself too. I admit it's not easy to forgive and forget but my love for my family is greater than any of that.And I believe that everyone should do the same to maintain a healthy relationship with their implies. It's easier to do great things with my friends in school. Everyday makes a huge difference. Thefts all very nurturing and supportive and they can expect me to do the same too. I will also continue to share my talents and teach them the things know. School activities can be very stressful but this is what makes us responsible, clever, disciplined etc. And some Of the essential values we need to succeed in life.I'm not a very social person and I admit that I don t usually go out. Trying to come up with something that will make differences for our community is challenging. But maybe someday I'll be able to support a cause, donate to charities, and use art to inspire and encourage people. For now, I will just prepare myself so that if I'll be given the opportunity to contribute to something that will make great changes for our community, I will surely give it my best.

Choices: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Essay

What is happening in each poem? How do they compare and contrast? What is the main idea to both poems? The poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a very sentimental poem, because it is about a choice. On the other hand, the poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† is about the choice that someone made already. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† the person chose to take a road with an unknown ending, and is less traveled. Moreover, the writer was letting people know that sometimes taking the less traveled path makes a huge difference. The evidence I found was â€Å"I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. (Frost, 2008)† This poem is basically about a life choice, because sometimes people comes to a fork in the road, and they have to decide which way is better for them. However, sometimes people do not make the right choice, but it’s a life lesson to be learned. In â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† the writer was talking about slowing down to enjoy life. Too many people try to get caught up in life, but if they would just slow down and look around they might feel relaxed and safe. The evidence that I found to make me believe this poem was are slowing down for life was â€Å"To watch his woods fill up with snow, (Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, 2008)† and â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark and deep (Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, 2008)†. Both poems compare to one another, because one is about making a choice while the other is about enjoying it. Those poems tones were the same sad, yet hopeful, which makes me believe the writer, Robert Frost, was a very sad person full of hope, and the desire for something grater. I would recommend those poems to teenagers up to adults, because that is when life starts taking hold, and that is when choices become.

Global Exchage In Domestic Service Essays

Global Exchage In Domestic Service Essays Global Exchage In Domestic Service Paper Global Exchage In Domestic Service Paper The various ways in which domestic service, home care and nursing are structured and performed are well accounted in Global Exchange by Grace Chang and Diverted Mothering by Sau-Ling C. Wong. These two articles give indeapth analysis of how migrant and immigrant workers are treated by not only their employers but in certain instances by their own government. I will try to give you an analysis of the two articles and sight examples from the articles that reflect how these workers are treated in the domestic, home care, and the nursing industry. First in Global Exchage we see that more and more people and mostly women from 3rd world countries are leaving their families to go and work abroad for menial wages in the hopes of a better life for children and families. The article deals with the Filipina women and how they have and are brought into the country and how they are treated. I was very surprised to read that the president of the Philippines himself stating that â€Å"migrant women the new heroes of the Philippine economy† . : The even more surprising thing is that the government itself has more women working outside the country than it does within the country. This is evident all over the health and home care industry, if you walk into any hospital you can see the amount of Filippina women wokig as nurses and in other health care professions. Also these women are working as nannies and home care givers to the families of middle-class and upper-class people. The wages that these women get are soo absurd that any person living in the country would never ever work for those wages and if they did, the law would do everything to protect that person. The migrants are afforded the same rights and therefore are paid low wages, the conditions that they live in are mediocre. But will the employers ever say that the wages should be raised or the conditions made better? We all know that if this was a Citizen treated in the same manner, things would be very different. In all countries Fillippina women are imported with the Philippine government benefiting from the money the women send back home. The government you can is gathering women and sending them out on contracts to other countries to work, but they fail to protect the women when it is necessary or provide any kind of care. It seems to me that once they are receiving money not only from the migrant workers, but the host country, they forget about the women and start to recruit now women. The case of Sarah Balabagan is the perfect example of the govt. forgetting about its citizen that it sent out to work for them. Sarah was raped by knifepoint by her employer, she stabbed her employer and then was jailed for murder. The first trial she was sentenced to 7 years in Jail. This case outraged women everywhere espically the migrant Filippina women who protested and blamed it’s own govt. for not doing anything to protect it’s citizen. The 2nd trial led to a sentence of death for Sarah and again brought about more and more protest. After protests the sentence was finally revised to a 100 lashes and to pay restatution to the murdered man’s family. From this article I can see that the Philippines govt. looks at its women as a cash cow to send out to other countries and reap the benefits from the money they send back as well the good relations it builds with the host country. The host country benefits from cheap labor and not having to provide any kind of health care or other benefits that it’s citizens get. In Diverted Mothering the people are different yet the work is the same. The role of the, caregiver is taken on by minorities males and females. The males and females featured in the article are Afro-American, and Chinese. The stories featured here are all that most of us have seen on the Big Screen and how can relate with. The old chauffeur, the con artist medium, the tow-truck driver. These people are substituting for the parent’s not being around for their children. Some of the people are there more for the employers children rather than their own. We seldom hear of theor families and of their lives outside work. The employers are too busy working and chasing the all mighty dollar that they forget that they have a famaliy. The caregivers are seen as protectors, sympthyizers, and helpers. They are expected to be there for the employers at all times. Even when a member of the family is forgotten, the caregivers never forget them and help them in everyway. We see an example of this in the movie â€Å"Driving Miss Daisy† here the chauffeur has been with the employer for 30 years, but she knows nothing about his life of his family. In the end we see that she tells him that she never knew that he had a daughter or a granddaughter. This shows us that the no matter how long you may work for someone you will never be a real part of the family. You are there for the employer to help them as needed. Even after all this the chauffeur goes to see his employer when her own son has put her in a rest home and then spoon feeds her. She is pretty much forgotten about by her real family. This also goes to show that the caregivers are not only there for monetary gain, but take a real interest in the lives of their rmployers. In Diverted Mothering the focus is on the male gender as being the caregiver rather than a female. Although caregivers are almost always seen as women, in this article we see that in almost every story the male character is acting like a mother and taking care of others however it is necessary. Take the example of Mack going to Simon to discuss his emotional problems and Simon takes time out of his job to help his new friend work through his feelings. If the situation was reversed, how many of us think that Mack would take time out of his job to help Simon? Simon being a tow-truck driver is shown as that his time is not as important as Mack’s is and Mack can call on him at anytime. In both Diverted Mothering and Global Exchange we see that minorities are shown to be there to help and take care of white employers and be at there beck and call. Although in Diverted Mothering the stories are set in different times, they all follow the same theme. This theme being of whites being in charge or needing help and the minorties providing the help and being employed by the whites. The structure in both articles seems to be that minorities and people from the 3rd world are here to take care of not only the houses of the 1st world countries but also their families and be there whenever needed. Does class, race, and gender play a part in determinig who will perform the above mentioned duties for peoples homes and taking care of their children? After reading these articles I can see how all three play a part in shaping a person. Class first of all can inhibit a person in more ways than anything. Being of lower class in some countries does nto even qualify you to attend school or work in some areas. So when there are limitataion on what you can do and without an education, you are setup to fail no matter how you try to reach a higher class. Also if you do not have an education, you are not able to get a job that will allow you to move up and have a better life, therefore you are in some ways going to have to follow in the steps of your parents, whatever those steps maybe. I believe this is what leads to a lot of crime in the world, if we had no classes to put people into, they would have all the opportunities available to them and be able to decide for themselves on what course thier lives should take. Race can hinder your growth not only financially but also lead to emotional conflicts and cause life threatening situations. Race can become a problem for a person even if he/she is qualified in every way to perform a job. I am sure we all have been or know someone who has experienced this in someway. Race can limit your advancement in almost every field and every aspect of your life. Race again in some countries can pre-determine what you will be when you grow up. It can keep you from opportunities that are wide open, but because of your race you may not be able to take advantage of them. Gender can shape you as well as Class and Race. Gender more than anything can hinder you and set a course for your life. It can do this because regardless or Class or Race depending on the gender you belong to, you are either high or low on the todem pole. If you look at women as far back as you want to, you can see how they were and are still limited today. Especially women in some countries are the first to be taken out of school and put to work as the son is seen more important even though the girl may be the smarter of the two. Women are looked at as the caregivers, the soft-hearted and the ones that comfort us and wipe our tears. In the same sense, they are not looked at as the bread-winners or the strong, protecters and supporters of families. All three (class, race, and gender) hinder people in one way or another, but if you are a female and a minority and of a lower class, the course of your life is very limited and what you want to do with your life and what you are able to do are two very different things. The ideal family. How does one define an ideal family and who can decide whether one family or another is better? From the articles I have read it is very hard to say if the conditions of domestic and home-care service disrupt the model of the ideal family. What I believe is that in some ways it can hurt and also in many ways help the family to have someone there to take care of the kids and take care of the house. But we much remember that the caregiver is not the mother or father. The parents cannot let the caregiver be the only one to be involved with the kids and they must take an active part in their clildren lives. The caregivers being in the family allows the parents to be able to spend more time with the clildren rather than woeking and then coming home and doing house work. It hurts when the parents leave the children in the care of the caregiver and assume that the child is well and happy. Of all the love that a child may get from a caregiver, it can never be the same love that he/she will get from the parent. Over all I think that if you can afford to have domestic and home-care services to help you, you should take advantage of it. But you should also remember that with this help, you time should be spent with the family and not forgetting that the caregiver is there to help your  burden and not there to do everything that you are suppose to do. These articles make anyone that reads them take a look at the roles we all have in this world a little differently, I know it made me think about the people that clean the offices and the maids people have and how they may be treated. After reading these articles it can be seen what kind of plight the people in these stories go through for the betterment of their children and their families, and also what kind of hardship they put themselves through to achive their goals.

Timeline of the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya

Timeline of the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya The Mau Mau Rebellion was a militant African nationalist movement active in Kenya during the 1950s. Its main aim was to remove British rule and European settlers from the country.   Background of the Mau Mau Rebellion The uprising grew out of anger over British colonial policies, but much of the fighting was between Kikuyu people, an ethnic group that makes up about 20 percent of Kenya’s population.   The four main causes of the revolt were low wages, access to land, female circumcision (also known as female genital mutilation, FGM), and kipande - identity cards African workers were required to submit to their white employers, who sometimes refused to return them or even destroyed the cards making it incredibly difficult for workers to apply for other employment. Kikuyu were pressured to take the Mau Mau oath by militant nationalists, which were opposed by conservative elements of their society. While the British believed Jomo Kenyatta to be the overall leader, he was a moderate nationalist and threatened by the more militant nationalists who would continue the rebellion after his arrest. Milestones and Timeline of the Mau Mau Uprising August 1951: Mau Mau Secret Society RumoredInformation is filtering back about secret meetings being held in the forests outside Nairobi. A secret society called the Mau Mau was believed to have been started in the previous year. It requires its members to take an oath to drive the white man from Kenya. Intelligence suggests that membership of the Mau Mau is currently restricted to members of the Kikuyu tribe, many of whom have been arrested during burglaries in Nairobis white suburbs. August 24, 1952: Curfew ImposedThe Kenyan government imposes a curfew in three districts on the outskirts of Nairobi where gangs of arsonists, believed to be members of the Mau Mau, have been setting fire to homes of Africans who refuse to take the Mau Mau oath. October 7, 1952: AssassinationSenior Chief Waruhui is assassinated in Kenya he is speared to death in broad daylight on a main road on the outskirts of Nairobi. He had recently spoken out against increasing Mau Mau aggression against colonial rule. October 19, 1952: The British Send Troops to KenyaThe British government announces that it is to send troops to Kenya to help the fight against the Mau Mau. October 21, 1952: State of Emergency DeclaredWith the imminent arrival of British troops, the Kenyan government declares a state of emergency following a month of increasing hostility. Over 40 people have been murdered in Nairobi in the last four weeks and the Mau Mau, officially declared terrorists, have acquired firearms to use along with the more traditional pangas. As part of the overall clamp down Jomo Kenyatta, president of the Kenya African Union is arrested for alleged Mau Mau involvement. October 30, 1952: Arrests of Mau Mau ActivistsBritish troops are involved in the arrest of over 500 suspected Mau Mau activists. November 14, 1952: Schools ClosedThirty-four schools in Kikuyu tribal areas are closed as a measure to restrict the actions of Mau Mau activists. November 18, 1952: Kenyatta ArrestedJomo Kenyatta, president of the Kenya African Union and the countrys leading nationalist leader is charged with managing the Mau Mau terrorist society in Kenya. He is flown to a remote district station, Kapenguria, which reportedly has no telephone or rail communications with the rest of Kenya, and is being held there incommunicado. November 25, 1952: Open RebellionOpen rebellion against British rule in Kenya is declared by the Mau Mau. In response, British forces arrest over 2000 Kikuyu who they suspect of being Mau Mau members. January 18, 1953: Death Penalty for Administering Mau Mau OathGovernor-general Sir Evelyn Baring imposes the death penalty for anyone who administers the Mau Mau oath. The oath is often forced upon Kikuyu tribesmen at the point of a knife  and calls for the individuals death if he fails to kill a European farmer when ordered. January 26, 1953: White Settlers Panic and Take ActionPanic has spread through Europeans in Kenya after the slaying of a white settler farmer and his family. Settler groups, displeased with the governments response to the increasing Mau Mau threat have created their own Commando Units to deal with the threat. Sir Evelyn Baring, the Governor-general of Kenya has announced that a new offensive is to begin under the command of Major-general William Hinde. Amongst those speaking out against the Mau Mau threat and the governments inaction is Elspeth Huxley, author (who wrote The Flame Trees of Thika in 1959), who in a recent newspaper article compares Jomo Kenyatta to Hitler. April 1, 1953: British Troops Kill Mau Maus in HighlandsBritish troops kill twenty-four Mau Mau suspects and capture an additional thirty-six during deployments in the Kenyan highlands. April 8, 1953: Kenyatta SentencedJomo Kenyatta is sentenced to seven years hard labor along with five other Kikuyu currently detained at Kapenguria. April 17, 1953: 1000 ArrestedAn additional 1000 Mau Mau suspects have been arrested over the past week around the capital Nairobi. May 3, 1953: MurdersNineteen Kikuyu members of the Home Guard are murdered by the Mau Mau. May 29, 1953: Kikuyu Cordoned OffKikuyu tribal lands are to be cordoned off from the rest of Kenya to prevent Mau Mau activists from circulating to other areas. July  1953: Mau Mau Suspects KilledAnother 100 Mau Mau suspects have been killed during British patrols in Kikuyu tribal lands. January 15, 1954: Mau Mau Leader CapturedGeneral China, the second in command of the Mau Maus military efforts is wounded and captured by British troops. March 9, 1954: More Mau Mau Leaders CapturedTwo more Mau Mau leaders have been secured: General Katanga is captured and General Tanganyika surrenders to British authority. March 1954: British PlanThe great British plan to end the Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya is presented to the countrys legislature General China, captured in January, is to write to the other terrorist leaders suggesting that nothing further can be gained from the conflict and that they should surrender themselves to British troops waiting in the Aberdare foothills. April 11, 1954: Failure of the PlanBritish authorities in Kenya admit that the General China operation revealed previously to the Kenyan legislature has failed. April 24, 1954: 40,000 ArrestedOver 40,000 Kikuyu tribesmen are arrested by British forces, including 5000 Imperial troops and 1000 Policemen, during widespread, coordinated dawn raids. May 26, 1954: Treetops Hotel BurnedThe Treetops Hotel, where  Princess Elizabeth  and her husband were staying when they heard of King George VIs death and her succession to the throne of England, is burnt down by Mau Mau activists. January 18, 1955: Amnesty OfferedGovernor-general Baring offers an amnesty to Mau Mau activists if they would surrender. They would still face imprisonment but wouldnt suffer the death penalty for their crimes. European settlers are up in arms at the leniency of the offer. April 21, 1955: Murders ContinueUnmoved by the amnesty offer of Sir Evelyn Baring, Kenyas Governor-general, the Mau Mau killings continue. Two English schoolboys are murdered. June 10, 1955: Amnesty WithdrawnBritain withdraws the offer of amnesty to the Mau Mau. June 24, 1955: Death SentencesWith the amnesty withdrawn, British authorities in Kenya can proceed with the death sentence for nine Mau Mau activists implicated in the death of two English schoolboys. October 1955: Death TollOfficial reports say that more than 70,000 Kikuyu tribesmen suspected of Mau Mau membership were imprisoned, while over 13,000 people were killed by British troops and Mau Mau activists over the last three years of the Mau Mau Rebellion. January 7, 1956: Death TollThe official death toll for Mau Mau activists killed by British forces in Kenya since 1952 is said to be 10,173. February 5, 1956: Activists EscapeNine Mau Mau activists escape from  Mageta  island prison camp in Lake Victoria. July 1959: British Opposition AttacksThe deaths of 11 Mau Mau activists held at Hola Camp in Kenya is cited as part of the British opposition attacks on the UK government over its role in Africa. November 10, 1959: State of Emergency EndsThe state of emergency is ended in Kenya. January 18, 1960: Kenyan Constitutional Conference BoycottedThe Kenyan Constitutional Conference being held in London is boycotted by African nationalist leaders. April 18, 1961: Kenyatta ReleasedIn return for the release of Jomo Kenyatta, African nationalist leaders agree to take a role in Kenyas government. Legacy and Aftermath of the Mau Mau Rebellion Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963, seven years after the collapse of the uprising. Many argue that the Mau Mau uprising helped catalyze decolonization as it showed that colonial control could only be maintained through the use of extreme force. The moral and financial cost of colonization was a growing issue with British voters, and the Mau Mau revolt brought those issues to a head. The fighting between Kikuyu communities, however, made their legacy contentious within Kenya. The colonial legislation outlawing the Mau Mau defined them as terrorists, a designation that remained in place until 2003 when the Kenyan government revoked the law. The government has since established monuments celebrating Mau Mau rebels as national heroes. In 2013 the British government formally apologized for the brutal tactics it used to suppress the uprising and agreed to pay approximately  £20 million pounds in compensation to surviving victims of abuse.

Liquid Nitrogen Facts, Safety and Uses

Liquid Nitrogen Facts, Safety and Uses Liquid nitrogen is a form of the element nitrogen thats cold enough to exist in a liquid state and is used for many cooling and cryogenic applications. Here are some facts about liquid nitrogen and crucial information about handling it safely. Liquid Nitrogen Facts Liquid nitrogen is the liquefied form of the element nitrogen thats produced commercially by the fractional distillation of liquid air.  Like nitrogen gas, it consists of two nitrogen atoms sharing covalent bonds (N2).Sometimes liquid nitrogen is denoted as LN2, LN, or LIN.A United Nations Number (UN or UNID) is a four-digit code used to identify  flammable  and harmful chemicals. Liquid nitrogen is identified as UN number 1,977.At normal pressure, liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K (−195.8 ° C or −320.4 ° F).The liquid-to-gas expansion ratio of nitrogen is 1:694, which means liquid nitrogen boils to fill a volume with nitrogen gas very quickly.Nitrogen is non-toxic, odorless, and colorless. It is relatively inert. It is not flammable.Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air when it reaches room temperature. It is slightly soluble in water.Nitrogen was first liquefied on April 15, 1883, by Polish physicists  Zygmunt Wrà ³blewski and Karol Olszewski.Liquid nitroge n is stored in special insulated containers that are vented to prevent pressure buildup. Depending on the design of the Dewar flask, it can be stored for hours or for up to a few weeks. LN2 displays the Leidenfrost effect, which means it boils so rapidly that it surrounds surfaces with an insulating layer of nitrogen gas. This is why spilled nitrogen droplets skitter across a floor. Liquid Nitrogen Safety choja / Getty Images When working with liquid nitrogen, taking safety precautions is paramount: Liquid nitrogen is cold enough to cause severe frostbite on contact with living tissue. You must wear proper safety gear when handling liquid nitrogen to prevent contact or inhalation of the extremely cold vapor. Cover and insulate skin to avoid exposure.Because it boils so rapidly, the phase transition from liquid to gas can generate a lot of pressure very quickly. Do not enclose liquid nitrogen in a sealed container, as this may result in it bursting or an explosion.Adding large quantities of nitrogen to the air reduces the relative amount of oxygen, which may result in an asphyxiation risk. Cold nitrogen gas is heavier than air, so the risk is greatest near the ground. Use liquid nitrogen in a well-ventilated area.Liquid nitrogen containers may accumulate oxygen that is condensed from the air. As the nitrogen evaporates, theres a risk of violent oxidation of organic matter. Liquid Nitrogen Uses Liquid nitrogen has many uses, mainly based on its cold temperature and low reactivity. Examples of common applications include: The freezing and transporting of food productsThe cryopreservation of biological samples, such as sperm, eggs, and animal genetic samplesUse as a coolant for superconductors, vacuum pumps, and other materials and equipmentUse in cryotherapy to remove skin abnormalitiesThe shielding of materials from oxygen exposureThe quick freezing of water or pipes to allow work on them when valves are unavailableA source of extremely dry nitrogen gasThe branding of cattleThe molecular gastronomy preparation of unusual foods and beveragesThe cooling of materials for easier machining or fracturingScience projects, including making liquid nitrogen ice cream, creating nitrogen fog, and flash-freezing flowers and subsequently watching them shatter when tapped onto a hard surface.

Revision for Integration of Sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Revision for Integration of Sources - Essay Example Below sentences with different sources derived from the article â€Å"Educating Young Adults about Sex.† The essay is part of my writings in English 1302. This is part of the original text under evaluation. From the sentences above, it is evident that there is a gap between the ideas in sentences and the citation. This is because the writer did not impact on source integration. One style of introducing sources may turn out to be monotonous. This is because the reader can prejudice the in suction of these citations. Writers should incorporate different source citation techniques acceptable in writing guidelines book. This will impact on the follow of ideas, follow of grammar, marrying of ideologies, and at the same time, readers will have an interest in reading the article (VanderMey 24). Phrases such as â€Å"From ... writings or book, it is evident that HIV is a fatal infection,† will add taste to the sentence. It will also prove to the reader that the writers are confident of their art work. Other suitable phrases are in reference to, in relation to, according to, from ... reading it is acceptable that..., also show that there is an admirable level of precision (Borchers 33). The writer of the original reference has admirable distribution of source citation. Many citations in a single sentence may lead to confliction of ideas. They can also lead to loss of meaning, when used by incompetent writers. It is appropriate for writers to proper make use of one source citation in each sentence. One can also depict that the sentence carrying the citation has no weight. In a paragraph, such sentence should create some emphasis, unlike other sentences. Form the above correction, it is noticeable that integration between the article and the source citation in crucial in all writing practices. As a reader read the sentences above, one will identify that there is a follow of ideals. Such follow proves to the readers that

SOLUTION TO PARK AND RIDE PROJECT COURSEWORK Assignment

SOLUTION TO PARK AND RIDE PROJECT COURSEWORK - Assignment Example The basic rule for numbering events is that the starting point of an activity is lower than the completion point. Meanwhile, the activities or tasks which need to be completed are represented by arrows. In Figure 1, the tasks indicated in Appendix B were replaced by activity codes using letters. Task duration in days is shown beside their respective codes as numbers in parenthesis. Table 1 presents the activity data for the project with the activity codes, description of each task, normal task duration, the early start (ES), early finish (EF), late start (LS) and late finish (LF) times based on normal duration. The ES and EF times were computed based on the analysis of the network using a forward pass. In a forward pass, computation is made from left to right. The earliest starting time of an activity is the earliest finish time of its predecessor. When an activity has no predecessor, such as for initial activity (or activities), the ES of this activity is 0. The earliest finish time is the sum of the early start time and the duration of the activity (Kerzner, 2009; De Marco, 2011). Meanwhile, the LS and LF times were calculated using a backward pass or a right to left computation. The late start of the final activity is taken as the late finish of this activity and from here the late start of the final activity is computed by subtracting the activity duration from the LS time. If there are two or more terminal activities, the highest LS time of these activities should be adopted as the LS time of the rest of the terminating activities (Kerzner, 2009; Demarco, 2011). Table 1 is presented below and the network diagram is shown as Figure 1 on page 4. Table 1. Activity Data for the Park and Ride Project Using ‘Normal’ Task Durations – Float Times Task Description Duration (in days) Early Start (ES) Early Finish (EF) Late Start (LS) Late Finish (LF) Total Float (TF) Free Float (FF) A Excavate Site 10 0 10 0 10 0 0 B Install Ground Drainage 5 10 15 15 20 5 5 C Install Piled Foundations 10 10 20 10 20 0 0 D Erect Steel Frame 10 20 30 20 30 0 0 E Pour In-situ Concrete Floors 9 30 39 30 39 0 0 F Install Electricity, Lighting and IT Cabling 10 39 49 39 49 0 0 G Electrical and Lighting Fit Out 8 49 57 51 59 2 2 H Fix IT Hardware and Screens 10 49 59 49 59 0 0 I Tar-macadam to Access Ramps and Parking 4 49 53 55 59 6 0 J Fix Automated Entrance Barriers 3 49 52 56 59 7 7 K Commission Services and IT Equipment 10 59 69 59 69 0 0 L Landscaping 10 53 63 59 69 6 6 1. The critical path based on the ‘normal’ activity durations There are three ways of determining if an activity is critical. First, from the tabulation of the ES, EF, LS and LF times, if the ES and EF times of an activity are identical to the LS and LF times, then this activity is critical. An examination of Table 1 revealed that seven activities are critical and these are highlighted in blue and bold font in the table. These are activities are: A, C, D, E, F, H, and K. Another way of determining which activities are critical is by computing the float or slack. Float or slack is the difference between the early schedule (ES, EF) and the late schedule (LS, LF). Tasks with zero (0) float are critical (Kendrick, 2010). As reflected in Table 1, the critical activities have 0 total float and 0 free float. To differentiate, total float is the amount of time (i.e. days, in this project) that an activity can

See word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See word - Assignment Example Sharing personal details and daily agenda on their social network can be hugely dangerous for them as cyber criminals can access them through hacking and exploit the same for their vested interests. Opening emails from unknown source and downloading information from non-trusted sites could seriously threaten the information security. Most importantly, as social network sites are most vulnerable to cyber-attacks, users must avoid using them through corporate setting as important corporate information could be leaked and go to unscrupulous hands. When personal computers are turned into ‘zombie computer’ through the malicious software like malware by cyber criminals who have hacked the personal accounts of individuals, the users do not require any actions as they are unaware of the fact. This is a critical issue as users’ not being aware that they are being tracked by cyber criminals, tend to work on computer and internet as normal, using passwords to log on to their individual/ corporate accounts on corporate site or sharing personal information on their social network. Consequently, unintentionally they disclose their confidential passwords to attackers and allow them access to their private and confidential information, including corporate

What sex education programs work best Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What sex education programs work best - Essay Example On the other hand, there are many scholars and professional organizations that criticize abstinence-based programs as being too narrow in scope; these arguments tend to argue for what has become known as comprehensive sex education programs. This essay will examine both arguments with particular attention being paid to the potential for bias and the research data that has been discovered. Despite vociferous protests to the contrary, it would appear that comprehensive sex education programs work best. A typical defense of abstinence-based programs is the one presented by the Heritage Foundation; it is typical because it phrases its philosophy in moral terms while only presenting data which supports its position. The approach is therefore twofold: (1) this type of argument presumes to speak for all Americans in terms of social values and mores and (2) this type of approach does not reference research studies or data that conflict with its desired position. Rector, for instance, writing for the Heritage Foundation, argues that â€Å"Abstinence education programs for youth have been proven to be effective in reducing early sexual activity. Abstinence programs also can provide the foundation for personal responsibility and enduring marital commitment† (2002). A careful reading of these statements demonstrates the author’s motivations and bias. Rather than stating common public health objectives, such as the prevention of pregnancy or the prevention of sexually transmissible disease, the author instead relies on ethical norms such as â€Å"personal responsibility† and â€Å"enduring marital commitment†. There is an early deviation from the anticipated goals and this should make the reader suspicious of any subsequent statements or conclusions. The Heritage Foundation, after all, is a conservative think tank often associated with religious groups and social conservatives. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that their research would lean towards an

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Summary - Assignment Example being a platform of sharing both, professional and personal information, has become a place to reunite with old friends, keeping in touch with current ones and keeping track of the updates in lives of friends and family. Not only that, but it has also helped people to get in touch with relatives who were somehow separated in emergency circumstances. Facebook is also helping in social causes, which is evident from the fact that 12 million Facebook users marched around the globe against the FARC rebels in Colombia. With changing times and growth of the company, the founder Mr. Zuckerberg has adopted a more professional image and has become media savvy, aiming at having every person in the world on Facebook one day. However, with recent changes in the interface design of the site, some members are disappointed. Facebook homepage now displays more information and recent updates from the friends. It has also introduced terms which give them control over the content. This has irritated members and hence, 2 and half million members have joined the group called â€Å"Millions against Facebook’s New Layout and Terms of Services† on Facebook. However, the Facebook officials say that the terms are necessary to protect themselves from lawsuits from users if they later regret the sharing of personal information. The Facebook officials are confident that Facebook users will get used to new changes as after all, it is a social communication and bonding site. The bonding has become so strong, that despite of not liking the changes, the users are still glued to

Discuss why you wish to pursue a career in Nursing and two most Essay

Discuss why you wish to pursue a career in Nursing and two most challenging issues facing Nursing practice today and why - Essay Example Nursing career In the continuously modernizing world and growing body of knowledge, it is not new that there is a shortage of nurses, and that this dilemma is constantly being pursued upon for solutions. The personal choice of taking nursing as a career is inspired by the need to answer to the call of health care delivery. Presently, the health care delivery system desires providers who could meet the needs of the client while taking into consideration his or her wholeness, and not merely the physical aspect focused on by medicine. Undeniably, this could be satisfied by competent nurses. Nursing is full of career opportunities. One may decide to be involved in a specific area, whether in nursing education, administration, community, or clinical practice, or participate in several areas at the same time. Trending career opportunities nowadays also involve nursing informatics and nursing research. Despite these diversities, the goal of nursing to provide care is still the backbone of t he profession. Challenges in Nursing The idea that change is inevitable implies that the continuous evolution of the world also poses challenges to society, including the field of nursing. Nursing leaders play essential roles in the performance of their staff.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Summary - Assignment Example being a platform of sharing both, professional and personal information, has become a place to reunite with old friends, keeping in touch with current ones and keeping track of the updates in lives of friends and family. Not only that, but it has also helped people to get in touch with relatives who were somehow separated in emergency circumstances. Facebook is also helping in social causes, which is evident from the fact that 12 million Facebook users marched around the globe against the FARC rebels in Colombia. With changing times and growth of the company, the founder Mr. Zuckerberg has adopted a more professional image and has become media savvy, aiming at having every person in the world on Facebook one day. However, with recent changes in the interface design of the site, some members are disappointed. Facebook homepage now displays more information and recent updates from the friends. It has also introduced terms which give them control over the content. This has irritated members and hence, 2 and half million members have joined the group called â€Å"Millions against Facebook’s New Layout and Terms of Services† on Facebook. However, the Facebook officials say that the terms are necessary to protect themselves from lawsuits from users if they later regret the sharing of personal information. The Facebook officials are confident that Facebook users will get used to new changes as after all, it is a social communication and bonding site. The bonding has become so strong, that despite of not liking the changes, the users are still glued to

History of Industrial Design Final Questions Essay

History of Industrial Design Final Questions - Essay Example Historically, design has been extensively used to address social, environmental concerns. Eco-design projects began in the 1960s and 1970s. Geodesic domes are an example of environmentally responsible designs. Environmental conscious designs promote the development of projects that are eco-friendly. After its arousal in the 1950s; Pop design gained prominence and significantly influenced industrial design in the 1960s and 1970s. The pop movement inspired many designers particularly in fashion, fine arts and furniture industries. For example, pop furniture featured bright primary colours, oversized scale and basic geometries. Bocca or Marilyn sofa is an example a piece of furniture that is designed in an oversized shape of bold red lips. In the 20th century, politics influenced design in numerous ways. In the second half of the 20th century, social unrest led to environmental damage particularly because of pollution and depletion of world resources. Political bodies influenced ‘green design’ to facilitate environmental conservation. In 1970s and 1980s, feminist movements influenced industrial design by fighting for the incorporation of designs for minorities and other larger groups that had been ignored. Designers respond to new socio-cultural, environmental and political trends by creating new designs that meet the needs of consumers. Additionally, they use designs to express their views on various issues and trends. Consumerism and replaceability are the major themes that have been mainly expressed in the contemporary practise of industrial design. Contemporary designers have been focusing on innovation and packaging and appearance of their products. Technology is a trend that has enormously influenced industrial design since the 1980s. The era of consumerism is characterized by production electronic products and focus on consumption. Companies that advocated diversity and experience like Studio Alchymia

Sulas Wines Essay Example for Free

Sulas Wines Essay Question 1: The Indian wine industry presents some interesting characteristics that can be analysed using the Porter’s five forces framework to understand to what extent it is a profitable one, and why it is attractive or not. Let us get started with Rivalry: here it is important to differentiate between the Indian and the global market. In fact, at the time the case was written, the Indian market was expanding so rapidly (25/30% per year) that business opportunities were flourishing and all the existing participants could easily sell their products without the need to attack others’ customer base. However, if we broaden our point of view to the global industry, rivalry is way fiercer and exports are likely to be a less profitable business than the domestic one. Overall, LOW/MODERATE. Buyers’ power: in this industry, it is incredibly difficult to â€Å"lock in† a solid customer base made of individual consumers that face virtually zero switching costs and have different tastes for wine. Additionally, wholesalers and retailers can exert significant pressure on wine producers for what concerns shelf space and wine selection. Therefore, it seems that buyers’ power is HIGH compared to producers’, thus lowering profitability. Suppliers’ power: if we think in terms of the raw materials needed to produce wine, i. e. grapes and juice, we can state that, being them commodities, these are subject to the seasonal fluctuations in price, quantity and availability typical of agricultural products. In periods of excess supply, high quality grapes could be purchased for lower prices and vice versa. Also, regulatory changes in 2001 reduced both sales taxes and the costs of imported bottling items, thus increasing profitability. However, India has a major issue that turns out to be of crucial importance to farmers and producers, i. e. he lack of stable electricity supply; this could in principle give some bargaining power to suppliers of diesel and generators. Thus, suppliers’ power is LOW/MODERATE. Threat of substitutes: although the Indian government has recently granted several concessions and liberalizations for both sale and consumption of wine, the threat of substitutes is still HIGH, especially for cultural reasons whereby whiskey, for instance, is traditionally preferred by the majority of Indians to wine. However, given the rapid expansion of the industry, there seems to be more than a hope that this mind-set will change in the near future. Barriers to entry: wine is definitely no easy business to start. There are several reasons to justify this point; first of all, as Sula’s case clearly shows, it takes time to obtain the various licenses; also, the knowledge and know-how required are extremely sophisticated and specific; additionally, wineries are capital intensive businesses and the initial investment to set them up is substantial. However, as we can see from the case, the Indian wine industry has benefited from governmental liberalizations that have encouraged many new wineries to enter the business. We can conclude that BTE are MODERATE/HIGH. The Porter analysis provides us with a moderately profitable scenario, in which it is not easy to start a successful business unless the exact skills and capabilities needed are present. In the following answer, these resources will be analysed in the context of Sula’s activity. Question 2: The biggest challenge that Samant faced when he returned to India to produce wine was that of changing the â€Å"alcoholic tastes† of consumers. To do so, he had to rely upon a strategy that would leverage on the core resources and competencies he had brought back from California. Also helped by a specialized consultant friend, Samant meticulously configured his piece if land in order to exploit the good potential of its location; additionally, he successfully realized that an unconventional growing/harvesting schedule had to be adopted if they wanted to take advantage of the seasonal characteristics of the weather, such as monsoons. He managed to earn a solid and valuable reputation, refusing to bribe officers to obtain the necessary licenses and took care of promoting its products, through marketing campaigns and wine tasting events, in the attempt of changing Indians’ culture towards wine. For what concerns the type of wines to start production with, Samant successfully identified those that could best accompany the spicy flavours of the Indian cuisine and, subsequently, he diversified the firm’s portfolio by introducing more varieties of white and red wines. Finally, he has secured the unique and valuable expertise of some of the brightest players in the financial sector, who have enthusiastically joined him in the firm’s activities. This combination of factors have allowed Samant to put Sula’s Vineyards in a very comfortable position to exploit the huge growth that everyone expects from he Indian wine market; right now, the firm seems to have a competitive advantage to further develop in the near future, if the right strategy will be pursued. Question 3: Looking at the numbers, Sula has been extremely profitable in 2007, with net profits that increased more than six fold since the year before; also, sticking to market forecasts, it seems that an explosive growth has just begun in India, an opportunity that should definitely be exploited. Now that the business is well established and generates a steady stream of revenues, Samant may consider to raise additional debt to finance the long-term challenge of producing premium red wines in a separate winery, something that, if successful, would give Sula’s business a major boost both in sales and in reputation. In the meantime, revenues from national sales would provide the capital necessary to feed the already existing business. Moreover, it could also be worth it to â€Å"attack† the global market with initially lower prices to gain some market share also in Europe and in the U. S. at first, relationships with touristic targets such as hotels and restaurants would be established and, if this strategy worked out, then Sula would face an ever-growing demand for its products, at least for the next 10 years, that could be met by working together with other local producers of premium wine. The idea of a â€Å"consortium† of Maharashtra firms could be attractive for many reasons, among which a significant increase in bargaining power towards the government when it comes to requesting the necessary improvements of regional infrastructures, such as roads, electricity supplies, etc.

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management Underwater seal drainage tubes (chest tubes) are inserted to drain the pleural cavity (the potential space around the lung) which can contain blood, air or lymph (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). The chest tube is connected to a water-seal plastic container and there is only one-way movement of air and fluid from the pleural cavity. In general, the water-seal container should not be empty or changed unless it is full. The chest tube should not be clamped only if ordered by doctors. For the patient inserted with a chest tube, a trained nurse is responsible for managing the under-water seal drainage system (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Management is consist of monitoring the position and attachment of chest tube, adjusting the evacuation of the fluid and deciding when to change or empty the containers, and look after patient with the tube and drainage system when transport (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Nursing students are not supposed to manage the drainage system without supe rvision of a trained nurse. In surgical cases, various drains systems can be used, the management of these drains are different from each others. Wound drainage is a closed-suction drain with a vacuum container and fluid can be drawed from wound. When the vacuum containers are full or loss its vacuum, they are required to be replaced (Deborah, 2010). While the under-water seal drainage is a closed drainage system and the approach of managing it is different. The water-seal chamber allow the air and fluid to escape from the pleural cavity but cannot flow back from reverse direction (Deborah, 2010). In patients with hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity), pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity), chylothorax (lymph in the pleural cavity), the negative pressure is lost and lung expansion can be restricted (Deborah, 2010). The most important element of ensuring the expansion and deep inspiration of the lung is to maintain the negative pressure in the pleural cavity (Deborah, 2010). Consequently, because of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, the air might enter to pleural cavity specially when the size of the chest tube is larger than the size of the trachea which can lead to pneumothorax (Deborah, 2010). The water-seal drainage container is usually filled with about 375 ml of sterile water, chest tube is placed under the level of the water, so the air cannot be sucked into the chest, however the water-seal drainage container should always keep below the level of patient’s chest to prevent back flow of the water to the pleural cavity (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). When the chest tubes are inserted for treating pneumothorax, no clamp is excepting and when change the volume of the water in the water-seal container, close monitor is needed as re-expansion pulmonary can occur (Deborah, 2010). If the collapsed lung expands rapidly it can cause damage in the capillary and develop to unilateral pulmonary edema which is called re-expansion pulmonary edema. A specific care pathway for chest-tube insertion and management may be useful (Deborah, 2010). Wound drainage For the post operative patient who has a wound drainage tube, the main nursing goals will be healing promotion and infection control. To successfully achieve these goals, assessment of wound and intervention guidelines will be helpful (Bonnie S., 1992). First maintain the tube in proper position. Extraction still can happen accidentally even the tube is sutured to the skin properly. Apply tape on the tube to stabilize it down to the dressing of skin can contribute to reduction of the risk of extraction. If the tube has enough length, nurse can make a partial loop before taping (for slack) (Bonnie S., 1992). Secondly, the skin around the wound should be assessed regularly (Bonnie S., 1992). Drainage tube usually inserted at the site of surgical incision. If the wound didn’t heal well, infection can be a problem. Assess sites for signs and symptoms of infection which can be redness, swelling, pain and change in vital signs. To assess the drainage every 4 to 8 hours to see sanguineous fluid up to 36 postoperative. Purulent fluid usually indicates infection (Bonnie S., 1992). Thirdly, change the dressing of the site frequently, Depend on the type and amount of the drainage, routinely or frequently change the dressing (using sterile technique) can decrease the risk of infection and maintain a close monitor of skin condition of the drain site and incision site (Bonnie S., 1992). After the tube is saturated and dressing applied, the dressing is suppose to be changed at least every 24 hours. If the doctors ordered to not change the dressing then reinforcement interventions are required to maintain the wound drainage system. Always use separate dressing on the incision and drain site to prevent cross-infection of bacteria (Bonnie S., 1992). Critical analysis form different perspectives Lack of knowledge of professional competency and evidence-based practice can be the factor that affect the first year RN and nursing student to make inadequate clinical decision. In the education field of clinical health professionals, CPD (continuing professional development include a range of education activities to enhance profession competencies and good practice) is one program that has been developed to help clinicians to maintain updated evidence-based practice and theories (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). CPD has been used for postgraduate nurse and also undergraduate nursing students. The purpose for these activities are to help health professionals to assess their feelings, connect new knowledge with experience and expose value issues (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). Incident reflection is one of the techniques, however critical analysis can be painful experience sometimes because it might bring discomfort feeling like anger, frustration, grief and guilty ( Rachel, Joanna, Emma, PaulFehmidah, 2010). And participants of CIR (critical incident report) do not always feel supportive on difficult practice situation. A safer and more supportive environment is needed for clinician to discuss about the incident thus improve the understanding of the specific clinical practice and avoid incidents (Rachel etl, 2010). Through out the reported experimentation of small group of occupational therapists, it is found that discussing on current situation and interventions that can still be change will produce less negative feelings and encourage clinicians to transform the advance eve nt into a learning opportunity compare to talk about the past incident and act that cannot be changed (Rachel etl, 2010). A real issue of concern is the best trigger for clarifies meaning in policy and procedure and change in conceptual perspective. Practitioners can take this reflective process to review their knowledge and find out the assumptions for the cause of their specific intervention then improve in the future practice (Rachel etl, 2010).Different from instrumental education, reflective learning is aiming to revise clinicians’ previous knowledge and form a new understanding and commitment to act. Continuously use of reflection on clinical incident is a lifelong learning cycle which can effectively develop a self-evaluation and self-regulation process (Rachel etl, 2010). Another element that can cause the clinical incident is the workplace stress, it can include the inadequate distribution of workload and distressing working environment which involve the unit coordinator and the co-workers on the ward. For professionals who work in the health care field, stress is a significant issue. Datas shows that particular nurses are at high risk for occupational burnout and physical and psychological fatigue (Jacoba, Anja, Ellen, Hugo J., Arnold B.Bert J., 2011). In the study of THOR psychiatrists in UK, health and social welfare professionals are found to be the group with highest incident of work that related to metal unhealthy in 2003-2005 (Jacoba etl, 2011). Manage intervention and stress-related incident can contribute to presence or absence of potential hazards in the work environment. (Jacoba etl, 2011) Management involves plan, administrate and evaluate the risk assessments and intervention. Leadership and the model of management have been constantly reported as the main reason of workplace stress in nursing. There is an association between low management and poor psychological health in clinical nurses, found that low manager support was associated with poor psychological well-being in nurses (Jacoba etl, 2011). Managing workload and resources are often referred than other competency (Jacoba etl, 2011). In specific, managers of the unit need to monitor the workload of the team and individual staff whether the workload is overly high or low. Design reasonable and achievable goals and deadlines (Jacoba etl, 2011). It is the manager’s responsibilities to refuse additional workload for the team members. In one case of a supportive work environment. Staff was interviewed for her feeling about the management. â€Å"She recognises rightly that the work is too much for one person so that was good. Something about her, yes, her caving in and giving me an admin support person when I needed it, made such a difference to my stress levels, it was fantastic (Jacoba etl, 2011).† On the other hand, insufficient management lead to failure in coping with the assigned workload and increasing pressure level (Jacoba etl, 2011). Cause of that can be various including the manager is lack of awareness of pressure level of the team or the manager misinterpret the knowledge level and type of work. Nurses who work in this type of environment always feel busy and stressful and find it difficult to cope with (Jacoba etl, 2011). â€Å"I’ve begun to lie about the amount of work I have. What I’ve discovered is my boss, she doesn’t show it on her face, but I think she becomes quite stressed out herself by hearing how much work I have outstanding (Jacoba etl, 2011).† When the managers are passing the pressure and deadline to the team, the team members will then pass the pressure to others which can be clients and other health professionals or students. In the end the quality of care will declined and the risk of clinical incident can increase (Jacoba etl, 2011). From the customer’s perspective, hospital consistently emphasized on the feedback and complains of the ( Heejung June, 2012). In fact, education for patient about their treatment is essential for preventing clinical incident and building good therapeutic relationship ( Heejung June, 2012). In this clinical incident, if the client was told how the under-water seal drainage system work, the nursing student might be able to be stopped from emptying the under-water seal container The values of complaints is to improving the quality of care and enhancing the process of recovery ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers are given the right of doubting the competence of practice. When it comes to handling complaints, usually there is an adverse event or poor practice, it is not a preventive strategy for clinical incidents ( Heejung June, 2012). Also, customers complaints can be challenge for the contacted nurse and there has poor evidence of how the nurse handle the compliant from clients. An exchange relationship benefit in develop trust with customers over time ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers diagonosis and treatment need to be fully explained and customers should always involved in clinical decision making. The core concept here is emphasizing the benefit of building emotional bonding between patients and nurses ( Heejung June, 2012). Literature has shown the positive connection between health relationship and customer satisfaction. Also, well-built relationship with the customers tend to reduce the rate of failure in practice or adverse event ( Heejung June, 2012). Incident report As I considered, in this scenario, JC and shift coordinator need to be notified with patient’s complaint of SOB and further interventions (like refill and connect the water-seal container ) need to be consulted. During that period of time, patient’s vital signs should be closely monitored. Also the first year RN and the student need to commence incident report. Graduated nurse and student nurse may need to either perform written incident report or telephone incident report. Report incident on telephone, a nurse or student need to be able to identify him/herself, the ward, the client, the presenting issue and patient background information and current assessment ( Sonja, Regula, Bernd, DanielFranziska, 2013). If there have orders been administrated, nurse must identify the order. Beside that, nurse should also consult for managing order in reasonable time frame. This model is called SBAR and has been used for many facility, situation (S), background (B), assessment (A) and recommendation (R) (Sonja etl, 2013). To evaluate the effectiveness of a verbal clinical incident report there are three categories which emphasize on ability for listener to understand and receiving information. Firstly, at the beginning of the report, patient’s problem should be clear described which creating a conscious recognition of patient’s situation (Jacqueline A., 2014). Base on the aware of patient primary issue, the listener can have a better understanding. Secondly, information should be provided in standardize order to enhance efficiency (Jacqueline A., 2014). For example, the patient had two sets of obs done, instead of report it separately, compare it and exhibit the decline or change in patient’s status help listener to process information within minimum time. Thirdly, key factors should be focused in the incident report, thus nursed should avoid descriptive and subjective information (Jacqueline A., 2014). This benefit the health team toward clear diagnosis specially in a emergency situation. For the graduate nurse and student nurse, the ability of effectively communication with the health care team is vital in ensuring patient safety and preventing clinical incidents (Sonja etl, 2013). Expectation for graduate nurse in a clinical incident report is assess critical issue of a patient’s experience and effectively report to health team, unfortunately, graduate nurses and nursing students are rarely preform this skill and receive positive feedback from the health team about the quality of their report (Sonja etl, 2013). Clinical decisions skill is another important expectation of the graduate nurse and nursing student (Sonja etl, 2013). In the dimension of clinical decision-making, clear communication is one of the marking score. Clinical decision making involve other sills like background assessment of the patient, identify the major concern of patient’s current situation. Head to toe assessment and ability to provide appropriate recommendations for current situation (Sonja etl, 2013).

Essay --

Holocaust Facts The Holocaust has many reasons to it. Some peoples’ questions are never answered about the Holocaust and some answers are. The Holocaust killed over 6 million Jews (Byers.p.10.) Over 1.5 million children (Byers, p.10.)They were all sent to concentration camps to do hard labor work. Jewish people weren’t the only ones sent to concentration camps. People such as people with disabilities, Homosexuals, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Communists, and Socialists (Byers.p.12). Everyone that was sent to concentration camps was sent via Train cars (www.historychannel.com). They had no food, water, or rest rooms up to 18 days. Many people died from the lack of food and water (Byers, p.15.). They children under 12 and elderly were sent to death camps because they were too weak or young too do the hard labor work so they were exterminated quickly (Byers, p.17.). Everybody at the camps were ordered to wear a certain colored star so they were easily spotted. The Holocaust went o n from 1939 to 1945. Throughout all those years it was BAD. The Holocaust started in 1939. In that time period the Germans and the Allied Forces were in war. When they were in war the Germans took all Jews (except the ones in hiding) to multiple concentration camps and death camps. When they were sent to concentration camps they were ordered to take off all their jewelry, gold teeth and clothes. They were provided with stripped pajamas with numbers on them so they can be recognized by their number and not by their names. They were also tattooed on their left forearm with the same number that was on their stripped pajamas. Everybody’s head had to get shaved BALD. After everybody got to get concentration camps they were forced to go into the hard labor imme... ... to be in order from which number they got. If one or two people were late they would have to wake up one hour EARLIER. They had to wake around 4-5 in the morning. So if they were late they would have to wake up way earlier than usual. If they would wake up early they would get no sleep, because they were done with the labor work at night. They would never get as much sleep as they should because the Germans didn’t care all they wanted was their work to get done. A few people survived the concentration camps. It was never promised they will see their family again. Most families were split up when they were taken away to the concentration camps. Some camps were split up by gender. They didn’t care if you were married or if you had kids. If you had kids under 12 years old you weren’t going to see them again because kids were automatically sent to death chambers.

My mobile phone

My mobile phone – the ‘phone 5. My mobile phone is called the Iphone 5 and it is producted by Apple. It costs $850 plus taxes. I tried using it over the weekend and thought it was fantastic. I have given it four stars. This was a gift which my mother gave me on my birthday. Firstly, mobile phones are one of the most popular tools in life. There are many benefits when I use my mobile phone. It Is famous for Its light and application software. Before that, I used to have another smartphone, but it was very heavy. Now, when I have my favourite mobile phone, I eel that It Is better than the old one.It Is quick and convenient for me to call, text and keep In touch with each other despite long distances. In addition, It can help me surf the Internet easily and simply. It also helps users to find Information online, check emails, look up new words any time and anywhere. After a busy day, I can entertain myself through playing games, listening to music and reading newspapers. Th erefore, after doing so, I think that It Is necessary for me to study well. Secondly, although it has many good features, it also has some bad aspects egarding colour and battery.The ‘phone 5 has two colours black and white. You do not have many choices when you buy it. I bought the white one, but I think it looks monotonous and boring. It also has a problem with its battery. You cannot use it longer than 8 hours without recharging it. Sometimes it does not have enough battery for me to use when I have emergency situations. In general, my mobile phone is not bad if it is being used wisely. People use smartphone like accessory. It makes peoples' lives more enjoyable. It is a great and common mobile phone nowadays.

Cafe love

†Amour, amour et seul' I'm alone. Meaning, I have no one to love, no one to love me back and quite frankly at nearly forty years old I feel past the point of having the chance to make a change. The fact that I live in Paris; the romantic capital of the world, does little to help the situation. I've lived here almost all my life; parents used to live in Wales, then England, then California for some time. Being young, I travelled with them, but now, here in Paris, I finally feel at home. I struggle to answer the question â€Å"why did I come to Paris, of all places†? I suppose it's because here that I can at least dream of one day, maybe, possibly finding some way of not being alone anymore. Everywhere I look, seems to be another person's life filled only with what I want. I'm not selfish and I'm sure that having someone else in my life would make me a happier person. This is why I have a strong resentment towards people who have a habit of betraying, lying or simply being unpleasant. Because they take life for granted, not experiencing, learning or challenging. That's not to say that I am unhappy, I often sit with my steaming coffee at one of the many street cafes in town and spend time people watching, as I pass time and reflect on my achievements I wonder what all these souls have achieved, where have they been? Where are they going? Are they on their way home to a loved one? I just need someone to feel complete. â€Å"I, capitalized, full. I, looking like a snowfall as I come calling. I, waiting for a saviour in the gas-station at midnight. I, holding no neighbourhood, loving the air. I, silent beside a man holding a megaphone outside of planned parenthood I, fading.† It's busy. Busier than its been in a while, packed with all different sorts of people. Young children, some in push chairs, some being held tightly in their mother's arms. Teenagers are also present, not really enjoying the surroundings yet smiling when in the company of grandparents. Women chattering around small tables, women standing impatiently waiting to be served, wives and girlfriends being held close by their husbands and boyfriends. The only men seated are extremely old or waiting to meet their wives. One regular customer, wearing a neatly pressed pin-striped suit, is sitting alone at a small table by the roadside, distancing himself from others. He's recognisable to me so my eyes are drawn to him. He glances over towards me and on seeing me staring back at him shifts in his chair uncomfortably. There are two glasses on the table, so I can only assume that he is waiting for company. He checks his watch several times and looks around; I look too although I don't know what I expect to see. He's an attractive man. Even though he's seated he looks tall, six foot at least. Clean shaven, glossy hair with a small amount of gel and shiny shoes which is a clear sign that he takes care over his appearance. I can imagine that he's not drinking coffee to avoid unpleasant smelling breath. So making the decision of ordering water was wise. I begin looking at him in more detail. I don't worry that he may notice me staring. It's now that he stands and strides towards the road. Definitely over six foot tall. He suddenly stops and looks back. A phone rings, as he reaches into his pocket I realise it's his. He directs a smile at me and walks back towards the road all the while in conversation. Probably his wife. â€Å"I, alive before the fireworks with one eye on the storm, I, skating on the ice with one foot in the ocean, I, drunk beneath the shelter of a thousand poets There is no-one as blind as those who choose not to see I, me.† Late afternoon at the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is normally the busiest time. Which makes it my favourite time to sit and observe everyone. The clientele is always the same, with a few new comers each day, but only a few decide to stay. It looks especially pretty today, the tops of the tables and chairs where people have not yet sat are quilted and neatly decorated with snow, it also creates a pathway on the ground of delicate footsteps from the waitresses' angelic feet. A coffee cup has been left at my table, it is beginning to freeze and what there was once coffee is a frosty covering, somewhat improving its appearance looking almost beautiful and glistening in the light. It's sad I know, but somehow I become attached to this cup. It's centre stage on the table, soaking in all my attention. As I look closer, a small crack becomes visible. I begin to imagine some wonderful life stories of the coffee cup, battles, fights and journeys. After pondering over the past of the cup, I conclude that it was just dropped in the kitchen. After all, it's only a mug. I'm sitting alone, enjoying the company of strangers. A waitress comes over with my coffee, taking away the crystallized coffee mug. Now I am alone amongst strangers again. As I stay later the snow begins to melt and the nice Christmas feeling of the crisp coldness in the air also begins to fade. I take a lighter out of my coat pocket, and because the waitresses have seemed to disappear, I walk slowly around the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lighting the candles at the remaining empty tables. I take my time, I'm not worried about anyone seeing me. When I have finished I sit back at my table, and admiring the sparkling candles. The Christmas feeling is half restored by the warm comforting feeling of subtle lights. â€Å"I, wearing white and thinking black I, planning a journey that's too far to walk, drive or sail I, the one who never planned but always expected I, lighting up a cigarette with the echoes of my mind I, breathing in the smoke that no-one else can find.† An old couple walk almost silently into the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, they take no notice of me at all. They take a while getting comfy at the table behind mine before they begin talking. The woman looks to be in her late fifties, and is wearing a red poncho which drapes to the floor making her bottom half invisible. The man is the same age, also wearing red. I smile at the fact they look the same, very elegant. He must have been wearing a black hat but removed it when entering the Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because he's now holding it in his right hand. They begin conversation, I listen in excitedly, ‘Did you want a drink my dear?' He questioned the women whilst glancing around for a working waitress. †Erm, yes a hot chocolate please Eric† I stop listening for a second, and make a mental note of the man's name. He politely ordered for himself and his wife whilst searching for his wallet. He looked inside and shuffled uncontrollably to the bottom. Finally, he held out only two euros. Looking over at his wife, he saw her becoming quite impatient. ‘I haven't got all day!' She shouted whilst quickly gesturing towards her watch. Eric cancelled his order and paid for hers, looking quite flustered. ‘Keep the change', he murmured under his breath. His wife stood up and took her drink off him, ‘What took you so long buying one silly drink?' Questioned his wife, again impatiently. Eric stared blankly back at her, ‘I†¦just, couldn't remember what you wanted.' The woman then began arguing about how he wastes so much time over everything and just does not listen. If only she saw what I just saw, she wouldn't bother to question his actions. I stand up and move away from the couple, there is a knot forming in the back of my throat and my vision is becoming blurry. As I look down at the table, the snow has now completely melted, as one of my tears drop I can see it clearly on the glass table top. As I stare at the single tear, it seems to multiply like bacteria in seconds as more and more appear, as if by magic . â€Å"I, the small tear that leads to tears, I, the one who is ambiguous, I, attempting to buy groceries with good looks and failing miserably. I, thanking Allen Ginsberg, I, reading like the poet and writing like the fool I, nothing, really.† I sit alone for a while. Wondering how such an old couple can have a such a new and romantic love. I turn to change my view of the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, I'm about to turn to my left to admire the fine Christmas lights recently put on display but a small, dark haired little girl managed to catch my view. At first glance I thought she was sitting on her own because she was making such a mess of her table. But I saw a man to the left of her returning with napkins. He sat down next to her and began to mop up what looked like melted ice cream on the table. ‘Dad, I don't want it,' moaned the small girl. Immediately, I'm concentrated and fully focused on this little girl. Why was she moaning, why was she on her own? The man put a final napkin down and replied, ‘I know that's not†¦' The small girl stared violently, signally for him to stop talking – or else. I am even more involved now, it's times like these where I just want to ask what's going on. But I know I cant, that's just bad etiquette. Often I jump to conclusions and think up reasons why people are having such conversations. In this case, the situation that came to my mind first was; a girl, no family, living alone on the streets of Paris having to steal food from this cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. My mind then began on a journey of other extremities such as that she is actually German pretending to be French..? It is when the man began speaking, and took the part of the father, that my mind stopped travelling such journeys . ‘Dad, just talk to Mummy. I don't like being with you only at weekends. I miss Mum. Please.' The small girl now speaking out of pure desperation. The father replied quickly with ‘Darling, it's not that simple. Marriage, well, it's not easy you know.' He then took the girls hand for second before she pulled away almost automatically. The father reached for his grey coat which he had drooped over the back of the chair and began to put it on. The girl took this as a sign that it was the end of the conversation, obviously something she was use to hearing. They begin to walk my way so I turn quickly. Much too quickly, resulting in my coffee spilling half on the floor and half on me. I stand and look at the mess, for a few seconds I wonder if this would be a good excuse to ask the father for a napkin, in order to engross myself in conversation. I decide against it considering they have already left. On my way to the washroom I start to think about the marriage that the mother and father must have had. Because it must have affected the small girl a lot for her to mention and be so upset about it. Perhaps one of them met someone else, perhaps they simply went different ways. But whatever happened to that marriage, surely the love in the marriage must have died. I wish I didn't wonder so much sometimes, it only leads me to imagine the worst of things. How can love not work out, if I found love I would hold onto it and never let it go. How can It go wrong? When you fall in love you want it to be forever and you love them for who they are. So any flaws can be worked out or you just love them in spite of that. The thought of suddenly not being loved must eat people up inside. Heartbreaking. Possibly my life is too good to risk being heartbroken. Because even if I am on my own, at least it's only me that's liable to hurt myself. No one else can hurt me, I'm in charge. Maybe it's not as idealistic in reality. â€Å"I, immune to heartache I, the liar.† After drying my coffee stained skirt, I brush past the waitresses who seem to be re-appearing due to the increasing customers. I see one waitress finish cleaning my table. It's getting dark, which means I really should be soon returning home. I usually hate this time because it means I have to walk lonely through the streets looking at the couples hand in hand or the mothers and daughters smiling. And because I'm such a paranoid person I automatically think they're only smiling because I'm there and they want to make me jealous. But at this moment in time, I really don't know how I feel. After witnessing that small girl's unlawfully relationship with her father; wondering how things in a marriage can become that disastrous. When I think about that, I'm reluctant to feel jealous by those couples smiling back at me, because one day, they could be heartbroken and wonder themselves why they put them selves in such a vulnerable position. Suddenly, I'm startled. At first for no particular reason I feel as if I'm being watched. This feeling causes me to look wearily around, a tall man is admiring me. His eyes fixated on me. In response I smile, I feel as if I know him. He is still looking at me, so I begin to look at him in closer detail, he's an attractive man with a well cared for appearance, his shiny shoes gave that away. I scare myself with shock when I realise who he is, the regular who comes here. The man who's forever getting stood up by his wife. He stands and walks nervously towards where I'm standing, frozen. As he walks, I have the decision to walk away and pretend I have no idea that he's walking to talk to me. Or I could stay and see what he wants; everything seems to be a little flirtatious even though he's married. Maybe, I never really had hard evidence. I do have quite a writers' imagination. He begins to speak, †Hello. I hope you don't mind but I often sit here alone and see you here alone too.† I look straight into his blue exotic eyes, immediately I feel a connection. Just two strangers, just two alone strangers. I feel like I have been frozen in time as I begin to recite a monologue of thoughts to myself. ‘I was wondering if you would like to sit alone together some time?' â€Å"I, giving up structure. I know that words once read will always be spoken And fabric once torn will always be scarred, And the night will always be broken by the Gentle murmur of cars†¦ But, what is costume without personality,, Or a poet without publication What is a man without attempt, Or a woman without patience. Here comes the thunderstorm. I, silent.†

Benefits and Risks of 3D/4D Ultrasound Essay

Non-invasive method of producing pictures of parts of the body by exposing them to high-frequency sound waves is known as ultrasound imaging or sonography or ultrasound scanning. The images obtained thus are captured real-time, thus showing the movement, structure and blood flow of the internal organs. The equipment used for this purpose is known as ultrasound scanner which consists of a console, a video display screen and a transducer. The console contains a computer and electronics. High frequency, inaudible sound waves are sent into the parts of the body through the transducer in small pulses. These waves bounce off the tissues producing a change in the pitch and direction of the sound. This change is again picked up by the transducer and then based on these echoed waves, the shape, size and consistency of the part of the body is deducted and a real-time image is created on the monitor (radiology info, n. d. ). Until recently only the conventional 2 dimensional images were being produced. However recent advances have led to the development of 3-dimentional and 4-dimentional images too. Such images are very popular in obstetric scanning and are being used to view the baby in the pregnant mother. The 3D/4D images allow physicians and mothers to look at the features of the baby and also watch the baby move and grow (Wood, 2008). 3D pictures are produced by storing the echoed waves digitally and shading the life-like images of the baby. Adding element of movement to 3D pictures produces 4D pictures. However, the clarity and activity of the images depends on the gestational age and the position of the fetus at the time of scanning (Wood, 2008). Benefits of 3D/4D ultrasound The most relieving benefit of the modern 3D/4D ultrasound is that there is no preparation needed prior to scanning. The conventional 2D ultrasound demanded full-bladder causing discomfort to the patient. Also, certain parts of the body like the arms, face, legs, toes and fingers are seen more clearly in the 3D/4D. Thus conditions like cleft palate are more easily detected in the modern ultrasound. Various movements of the fetus like smiling, crying, yawning, blinking, and moving fingers can be seen with 4D ultrasound. Another benefit with this type of scanning is that the type of display is multiplanar allowing visual cut through of structures and organs in any plane. Thus even the fetal brain and its cavities can be studied (Wood, 2008). Studies have reported that 3D ultrasounds were much superior in determining fetal weight more appropriately. Also, 3D ultrasounds require lesser views, are easier to use, are more efficient and produce much clearer image when compared to 2D scanning (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). Thus, 3D ultrasounds are able to analyze fetal abnormality in a better way. 3D ultrasound is superior to 2D in nuchal cord identification at term (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). 3D ultrasound can identify women who have chances of delivering early by measuring cervical length. 3D is also superior in gender identification, even in the first trimester (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). There is lot of potential to study neurological behavior of the fetus using 4D ultrasound (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). On the whole, 3D/4D ultrasound gives an opportunity to expectant mothers to know and familiarize their babies much before they are born, thus creating bondage between mother and baby. The technology also allows visual confirmation of pregnancy and reassurance of well-being of the fetus. Risks of 3D/4D ultrasound Although no obvious risks have been identified with 3D/4D scanning as is the case with 2D scanning, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine warns against the possibility of biological effects of scanning which may be identified in future (Wood, 2008). Even the American College of Radiology and The United States Food and Drug Administration warn against casual exposure to ultrasound especially during pregnancy. This warning comes in the light of shooting baby photos in malls using scanning machines. There are also concerns about possible thermal and mechanical damage to the fetus caused by sound waves which has led to the ALARA principle of exposure, meaning, the sonologists expose the fetus to ‘As Low As Reasonably Achievable’ doses of sound waves (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). Conclusion 3D/4D ultrasound scanning is a wonder technology which is gaining lot of importance in obstetric medicine. This method of scanning allows better visualization of the fetus and its parts, early and proper identification of anomalies and establishment of bond with the baby much before the baby is born. However, though there are no reports of side effects of these non-invasive procedures, researchers warn against the possibility of thermal and mechanical damage to the fetus, thus discouraging unnecessary exposure during pregnancy. Research is warranted to discover the side effects of these wonder technologies. References RadiologyInfo. Obstetrical Ultrasound. Retrieved on 21st Feb. , 2009 from http://www. radiologyinfo. org/en/info. cfm? PG=obstetricus Wiseman, C. S. , and Kiehl, E. M. (2007). Picture Perfect: Benefits and Risk of Fetal 3D Ultrasound. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, 32(2), 102- 109. Wood, D. (2008). New Dimensions in Prenatal Ultrasound: 3D and 4D. Retrieved on 21st Feb. , 2009 from http://www. swedish. org/17337. cfm

A Particular Place of Residence of a Person Research Paper

A Particular Place of Residence of a Person - Research Paper Example The process of area classification is done through the clustering or grouping of geographical units by the use of particular methods. Cluster analysis borrows largely from clustering algorithms but is instead much more than the mere grouping of the objects. Therefore, to successfully run a cluster analysis will require a series of particular steps, which involve multiple decisions across all the stages. At this point, there is no wrong or right answer to most of the decisions that are made in the process. Every decision in the stages will, therefore, give its own alternative results. As a result, the different decisions gathered could be appropriate or not appropriate depending on the classification that is to be created. There are seven steps involved a successful running of the cluster analysis. Each step in the framework represents a very important decision point that is imperative for the smooth running of the cluster analysis (Harris and Webber, 2005). It is suggested that the u ser of the method should be in a position to correctly recognize all the important and critical decisions involved and their individual influences on the results (Everett and Leese, 2001). At this point, it becomes important to clearly distinguish between the conventional cluster analysis and the clustering method. Clustering method connotes the simple process by which the clusters are actually formed (Everett and Leese, 2001). On the other hand, cluster analysis is much elaborate and implies the wider series of steps that have to be followed in order to finish the whole analysis.

Trends and challenges in HR management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends and challenges in HR management - Essay Example Timely performance management can be used to identify, measure, and develop those individuals who could be the stars of a company (Campbell & Garfinkel 1996). A system of annual appraisals works with the idea that performance should be managed at the end of a give year but the more modern version of the process looks at performance from quarter to quarter which is the process used by many Fortune 500 companies (Grote, 2002). The annual appraisal system may put a considerable time gap between the time high performance was shown and the time when the reward for the performance is received. Kerr (1996) uses the example of giving food pellets to a mouse in a cage when a button is pushed by the mouse and says that if the reward comes a year after the button was pushed, it would be difficult to readily associate the two acts Of course, quarterly appraisals or other systems that have a shorter feedback loop as compared to annual appraisals may demand more time from managers as well as the employees if 360 performance evaluations have to be used. However, compared to an annual system of performance appraisals, more timely systems can give a company the means by which their strategic HR objectives, evaluation purposes and HR needs analysis could all be met (Bretz, Milkovich, & Read, 1992). Thus the annual appraisal system may come with the advantage of less time and money invested by the company; it certainly has its own set of drawbacks which make other systems more attractive. In essence, there are two primary approaches that can be taken towards an appraisal system i.e. an approach which focuses on the behavior of the employees and an approach that focuses on the results produced by the employee. However, in real world scenarios, the methods used by companies may take elements from both approaches to create a performance appraisal system for the employees. Amongst them the two more popular ones remain